How does an excessive forward center of gravity affect aircraft performance during takeoff and landing?

An excessive forward center of gravity can significantly impact aircraft performance, particularly during takeoff and landing phases. When the center of gravity is too far forward, the aircraft requires more back pressure on the control yoke or stick to maintain the correct pitch attitude. This happens because a forward center of gravity shifts the aircraft's balance point, making it less responsive to control inputs.

During takeoff, if the center of gravity is excessively forward, the aircraft may not easily rotate at the required airspeed. Pilots will have to exert more back pressure to achieve the pitch angle needed for a successful takeoff. Similarly, during landing, an aircraft with a forward center of gravity may have a tendency to pitch down more than intended, which can lead to a higher approach speed or a more difficult landing flare. Thus, more back pressure is necessary to stabilize the aircraft's attitude and achieve a safe landing.

This characteristic can complicate the control of the aircraft, requiring greater attention and skill from the pilot to manage the impact of the weight and balance on handling characteristics. Understanding this dynamic is essential for ensuring safe operations throughout various phases of flight.